G G, the seventh letter and the fifth articulation of the English Alphabet, is derived to us, through the Latin and Greek, from the Assyrian languages; it being found in the Chaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samaritan, Phenician, Ethiopic and Arabic. In the latter language, it is called giim or jim; ;but in the others, gimel, gomal or gamal, that is camel, from its shape. which resembles the neck of that animal, at least in the Chaldee and Hebrew. It is the third letter in the Chaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samaritan and Greek; the fifth in the Arabic, and the twentieth in the Ethiopic. The early Latins used C for the Greek gamma, and hence C came to hold the third place in the order of the Alphabet; the place which gimel holds in the oriental languages. The two letters are primarily palatals, and so nearly allied in sound that they are easily convertible; and they have been reciprocally used the one for the other. But in the Assyrian languages; gimel had two sounds; one hard or close, as we pronounce the letter in gave, good; the other soft, or rather compound, as the English j or as ch in chase. In the Arabic, this letter has the sound of the English j or dzh, and this sound it has in many English words, as in genius, gem, ginger. It retains its hard sound in all cases, before a, o and u; but before e, i and y, its sound is hard or soft, as custom has dictated,and its different sounds are not reducible to rules. It is silent in some words before n, as in benign, condign, malign, campaign; but it resumes its sound inbenignityand malignity. G is mute before n in gnash; it is silent also in many words when united with h, as in bright, might,night, nigh,high. The Saxon g has in many words been softened or liquefied into y or ow; as Sax. daeg, gear, Eng. day, year; Sax. bugan, Eng. to Bow.
The Celtic nations had a peculiar manner of beginning the sound of u or w with the articulation g, or rather prefixing this articulation to that vowel. Thus guard for ward,gwain for wain, guerre for war, gwell for well. Whether this g has been added by the Celtic races, or whether the Teutonic nations have lost it, is a question I have not examined with particular attention. As a numeral G was anciently used to denote 400, and with a dash over it G, 40,000. As an abbreviation, it stands for Gaius, Geelius, etc. In music, it is the mark of the treble cliff, and from its being placed at the head or marking the first sound in Guido's scale, the whole scale took the name, Gammut, from the Greek name of the letter.

g n 1: a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram [syn: gram, gramme, gm, g] 2: a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine [syn: guanine, G] 3: one of the four nucleotides used in building DNA; all four nucleotides have a common phosphate group and a sugar (ribose) [syn: deoxyguanosine monophosphate, G] 4: the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100 [syn: thousand, one thousand, 1000, M, K, chiliad, G, grand, thou, yard] 5: a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated [syn: g, gee, g-force] 6: a unit of information equal to 1000 megabytes or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bytes [syn: gigabyte, G, GB] 7: a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibytes or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bytes [syn: gigabyte, gibibyte, G, GB, GiB] 8: (physics) the universal constant relating force to mass and distance in Newton's law of gravitation [syn: gravitational constant}, universal gravitational constant, constant of gravitation}, G] 9: the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet [syn: G, g]

G I. abbreviation 1. German 2. giga- 3. guanine 4. Gulf II. certification mark — used to certify that a motion picture is of such a nature that persons of all ages may be allowed admission; compare NC-17, pg, PG-13, r

g I. noun (plural g's or gs) Usage: often capitalized, often attributive Date: before 12th century 1. a. the 7th letter of the English alphabet b. a graphic representation of this letter c. a speech counterpart of orthographic g 2. the fifth tone of a C-major scale 3. a graphic device for reproducing the letter g 4. one designated g especially as the seventh in order or class 5. [gravity] acceleration of gravity; also a unit of force that is equal to the force exerted by gravity on a body at rest and is used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when undergoing acceleration 6. [grand] slang a sum of $1000 7. something shaped like the letter G II. abbreviation 1. acceleration of gravity; gravity 2. game 3. gauge 4. gelding 5. gender 6. good 7. gram

G
1.
n. (also g) (pl. Gs or G's)
1 the seventh letter of the alphabet.
2 Mus. the fifth note in the diatonic scale of C major.
2.
abbr. (also G.)
1 gauss.
2 giga-.
3 gravitational constant.
4 US sl. = GRAND n. 2.

g
abbr. (also g.)
1 gelding.
2 gram(s).
3 a gravity. b acceleration due to gravity.

g abbr. (also g.) 1 gelding. 2 gram(s). 3 a gravity. b acceleration due to gravity.

G \G\ (j[=e]) 1. G is the seventh letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It has two sounds; one simple, as in gave, go, gull; the other compound (like that of j), as in gem, gin, dingy. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect][sect] 231-6, 155, 176, 178, 179, 196, 211, 246. Note: The form of G is from the Latin, in the alphabet which it first appeared as a modified form of C. The name is also from the Latin, and probably comes to us through the French. Etymologically it is most closely related to a c hard, k y, and w; as in corn, grain, kernel; kin L. genus, Gr. ?; E. garden, yard; drag, draw; also to ch and h; as in get, prehensile; guest, host (an army); gall, choler; gust, choose. See C. 2. (Mus.) G is the name of the fifth tone of the natural or model scale; -- called also sol by the Italians and French. It was also originally used as the treble clef, and has gradually changed into the character represented in the margin. See Clef. G[sharp] (G sharp) is a tone intermediate between G and A.

G pref.,suff. [SI] See {quantifiers}.

79 Moby Thesaurus words for "G": C, C-note, G suit, G-note, M, apogeotropism, buck, cartwheel, cent, century, chiliad, chiliagon, chiliahedron, chiliarch, chiliarchia, copper, dime, dollar, dollar bill, fifty cents, fin, fish, five cents, five hundred dollars, five-dollar bill, five-hundred-dollar bill, five-spot, fiver, four bits, frogskin, geotropism, grand, gravitation, graviton, gravity, half G, half a C, half dollar, half grand, hundred-dollar bill, iron man, kilo, kilocycle, kilogram, kilohertz, kiloliter, kilometer, lakh, mass, mill, millennium, millepede, milligram, milliliter, myriad, nickel, one hundred thousand, penny, quarter, red cent, sawbuck, silver dollar, skin, smacker, specific gravity, ten cents, ten thousand, ten-spot, tenner, thou, thousand, thousand dollars, thousand-dollar bill, twenty-dollar bill, twenty-five cents, two bits, two-dollar bill, two-spot, yard

g++ GCC(1) GNU GCC(1) NAME gcc - GNU project C and C++ compiler SYNOPSIS gcc [-c|-S|-E] [-std=standard] [-g] [-pg] [-Olevel] [-Wwarn...] [-pedantic] [-Idir...] [-Ldir...] [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro] [-foption...] [-mmachine-option...] [-o outfile] infile... Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the remain- der. g++ accepts mostly the same options as gcc. DESCRIPTION When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking. The ``overall options'' allow you to stop this process at an intermediate stage. For example, the -c option says not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by the assembler. Other options are passed on to one stage of processing. Some options control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet other options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not docu- mented here, since you rarely need to use any of them. Most of the command line options that you can use with GCC are useful for C programs; when an option is only useful with another language (usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly. If the description for a particular option does not mention a source language, you can use that option with all supported languages. The gcc program accepts options and file names as operands. Many options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter options may not be grouped: -dr is very different from -d -r. You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the order you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several options of the same kind; for example, if you specify -L more than once, the directories are searched in the order specified. Many options have long names starting with -f or with -W---for example, -fforce-mem, -fstrength-reduce, -Wformat and so on. Most of these have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo would be -fno-foo. This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever one is not the default. OPTIONS Option Summary Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations are in the following sections. Overall Options -c -S -E -o file -pipe -pass-exit-codes -x language -v -### --help --target-help --version C Language Options -ansi -std=standard -aux-info filename -fno-asm -fno-builtin -fno-builtin-function -fhosted -ffreestanding -fms-extensions -trigraphs -no-integrated-cpp -traditional -traditional-cpp -fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char -fwritable-strings C++ Language Options -fabi-version=n -fno-access-control -fcheck-new -fconserve-space -fno-const-strings -fdollars-in-identifiers -fno-elide-construc- tors -fno-enforce-eh-specs -fexternal-templates -falt-exter- nal-templates -ffor-scope -fno-for-scope -fno-gnu-keywords -fno-implicit-templates -fno-implicit-inline-templates -fno-imple- ment-inlines -fms-extensions -fno-nonansi-builtins -fno-opera- tor-names -fno-optional-diags -fpermissive -frepo -fno-rtti -fstats -ftemplate-depth-n -fuse-cxa-atexit -fvtable-gc -fno-weak -nostdinc++ -fno-default-inline -Wabi -Wctor-dtor-pri- vacy -Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wreorder -Weffc++ -Wno-deprecated -Wno-non-template-friend -Wold-style-cast -Woverloaded-virtual -Wno-pmf-conversions -Wsign-promo -Wsynth Objective-C Language Options -fconstant-string-class=class-name -fgnu-runtime -fnext-runtime -gen-decls -Wno-protocol -Wselector -Wundeclared-selector Language Independent Options -fmessage-length=n -fdiagnostics-show-location=[once|every-line] Warning Options -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors -w -W -Wall -Waggre- gate-return -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual -Wchar-subscripts -Wcomment -Wconversion -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wdisabled-optimization -Wno-div-by-zero -Werror -Wfloat-equal -Wformat -Wformat=2 -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-security -Wimplicit -Wimplicit-int -Wimplicit-function-declaration -Werror-implicit-function-declara- tion -Wimport -Winline -Wno-endif-labels -Wlarger-than-len -Wlong-long -Wmain -Wmissing-braces -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wmissing-noreturn -Wno-multichar -Wno-format-extra-args -Wno-format-y2k -Wno-import -Wnonnull -Wpacked -Wpadded -Wparen- theses -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wreturn-type -Wse- quence-point -Wshadow -Wsign-compare -Wstrict-aliasing -Wswitch -Wswitch-default -Wswitch-enum -Wsystem-headers -Wtrigraphs -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunknown-pragmas -Wunreachable-code -Wunused -Wunused-function -Wunused-label -Wunused-parameter -Wunused-value -Wunused-variable -Wwrite-strings C-only Warning Options -Wbad-function-cast -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs -Wstrict-prototypes -Wtraditional Debugging Options -dletters -dumpspecs -dumpmachine -dumpversion -fdump-unnumbered -fdump-translation-unit[-n] -fdump-class-hierarchy[-n] -fdump-tree-original[-n] -fdump-tree-optimized[-n] -fdump-tree-inlined[-n] -feliminate-dwarf2-dups -fmem-report -fprofile-arcs -frandom-seed=n -fsched-verbose=n -ftest-coverage -ftime-report -g -glevel -gcoff -gdwarf -gdwarf-1 -gdwarf-1+ -gdwarf-2 -ggdb -gstabs -gstabs+ -gvms -gxcoff -gxcoff+ -p -pg -print-file-name=library -print-libgcc-file-name -print-multi-directory -print-multi-lib -print-prog-name=program -print-search-dirs -Q -save-temps -time Optimization Options -falign-functions=n -falign-jumps=n -falign-labels=n -falign-loops=n -fbranch-probabilities -fcaller-saves -fcprop-registers -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks -fdata-sections -fdelayed-branch -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fexpensive-optimizations -ffast-math -ffloat-store -fforce-addr -fforce-mem -ffunction-sections -fgcse -fgcse-lm -fgcse-sm -floop-optimize -fcrossjumping -fif-conversion -fif-conversion2 -finline-functions -finline-limit=n -fkeep-inline-functions -fkeep-static-consts -fmerge-constants -fmerge-all-constants -fmove-all-movables -fnew-ra -fno-branch-count-reg -fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop -fno-function-cse -fno-guess-branch-probability -fno-inline -fno-math-errno -fno-peephole -fno-peephole2 -funsafe-math-optimizations -ffi- nite-math-only -fno-trapping-math -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss -fomit-frame-pointer -foptimize-register-move -foptimize-sib- ling-calls -fprefetch-loop-arrays -freduce-all-givs -fregmove -frename-registers -freorder-blocks -freorder-functions -fre- run-cse-after-loop -frerun-loop-opt -fschedule-insns -fsched- ule-insns2 -fno-sched-interblock -fno-sched-spec -fsched-spec-load -fsched-spec-load-dangerous -fsignaling-nans -fsingle-precision-constant -fssa -fssa-ccp -fssa-dce -fstrength-reduce -fstrict-aliasing -ftracer -fthread-jumps -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops --param name=value -O -O0 -O1 -O2 -O3 -Os Preprocessor Options -$ -Aquestion=answer -A-question[=answer] -C -dD -dI -dM -dN -Dmacro[=defn] -E -H -idirafter dir -include file -imacros file -iprefix file -iwithprefix dir -iwithprefixbefore dir -isystem dir -M -MM -MF -MG -MP -MQ -MT -nostdinc -P -remap -tri- graphs -undef -Umacro -Wp,option Assembler Option -Wa,option Linker Options object-file-name -llibrary -nostartfiles -nodefaultlibs -nost- dlib -s -static -static-libgcc -shared -shared-libgcc -sym- bolic -Wl,option -Xlinker option -u symbol Directory Options -Bprefix -Idir -I- -Ldir -specs=file Target Options -V version -b machine Machine Dependent Options M680x0 Options -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68020-60 -m68030 -m68040 -m68060 -mcpu32 -m5200 -m68881 -mbitfield -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float -mpcrel -malign-int -mstrict-align M68hc1x Options -m6811 -m6812 -m68hc11 -m68hc12 -m68hcs12 -mauto-incdec -minmax -mlong-calls -mshort -msoft-reg-count=count VAX Options -mg -mgnu -munix SPARC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mcmodel=code-model -m32 -m64 -mapp-regs -mbroken-saverestore -mcypress -mfaster-structs -mflat -mfpu -mhard-float -mhard-quad-float -mimpure-text -mlittle-endian -mlive-g0 -mno-app-regs -mno-faster-structs -mno-flat -mno-fpu -mno-impure-text -mno-stack-bias -mno-unaligned-doubles -msoft-float -msoft-quad-float -msparclite -mstack-bias -msupersparc -munaligned-doubles -mv8 -threads -pthreads ARM Options -mapcs-frame -mno-apcs-frame -mapcs-26 -mapcs-32 -mapcs-stack-check -mno-apcs-stack-check -mapcs-float -mno-apcs-float -mapcs-reentrant -mno-apcs-reentrant -msched-pro- log -mno-sched-prolog -mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -mwords-lit- tle-endian -malignment-traps -mno-alignment-traps -msoft-float -mhard-float -mfpe -mthumb-interwork -mno-thumb-interwork -mcpu=name -march=name -mfpe=name -mstructure-size-boundary=n -mabort-on-noreturn -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -msingle-pic-base -mno-single-pic-base -mpic-register=reg -mnop-fun-dllimport -mpoke-function-name -mthumb -marm -mtpcs-frame -mtpcs-leaf-frame -mcaller-super-interworking -mcallee-super-interworking MN10200 Options -mrelax MN10300 Options -mmult-bug -mno-mult-bug -mam33 -mno-am33 -mno-crt0 -mrelax M32R/D Options -m32rx -m32r -mcode-model=model-type -msdata=sdata-type -G num M88K Options -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic -mcheck-zero-division -mhandle-large-shift -midentify-revision -mno-check-zero-division -mno-ocs-debug-info -mno-ocs-frame-posi- tion -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-serialize-volatile -mno-under- scores -mocs-debug-info -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area -mserialize-volatile -mshort-data-num -msvr3 -msvr4 -mtrap-large-shift -muse-div-instruction -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs RS/6000 and PowerPC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mpower -mno-power -mpower2 -mno-power2 -mpowerpc -mpowerpc64 -mno-pow- erpc -maltivec -mno-altivec -mpowerpc-gpopt -mno-powerpc-gpopt -mpowerpc-gfxopt -mno-powerpc-gfxopt -mnew-mnemonics -mold-mnemonics -mfull-toc -mminimal-toc -mno-fp-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc -m64 -m32 -mxl-call -mno-xl-call -mpe -msoft-float -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple -mstring -mno-string -mupdate -mno-update -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mbit-align -mno-bit-align -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mrelocatable -mno-relocatable -mrelocatable-lib -mno-relocat- able-lib -mtoc -mno-toc -mlittle -mlittle-endian -mbig -mbig-endian -mcall-aix -mcall-sysv -mcall-netbsd -maix-struct-return -msvr4-struct-return -mabi=altivec -mabi=no-altivec -mabi=spe -mabi=no-spe -misel=yes -misel=no -mprototype -mno-prototype -msim -mmvme -mads -myellowknife -memb -msdata -msdata=opt -mvxworks -mwindiss -G num -pthread Darwin Options -all_load -allowable_client -arch -arch_errors_fatal -arch_only -bind_at_load -bundle -bundle_loader -client_name -compatibil- ity_version -current_version -dependency-file -dylib_file -dylinker_install_name -dynamic -dynamiclib -exported_symbols_list -filelist -flat_namespace -force_cpusubtype_ALL -force_flat_names- pace -headerpad_max_install_names -image_base -init -install_name -keep_private_externs -multi_module -multiply_defined -multi- ply_defined_unused -noall_load -nomultidefs -noprebind -noseglinkedit -pagezero_size -prebind -prebind_all_twolevel_mod- ules -private_bundle -read_only_relocs -sectalign -sectobjectsym- bols -whyload -seg1addr -sectcreate -sectobjectsymbols -sectorder -seg_addr_table -seg_addr_table_filename -seglinkedit -segprot -segs_read_only_addr -segs_read_write_addr -single_module -static -sub_library -sub_umbrella -twolevel_namespace -umbrella -undefined -unexported_symbols_list -weak_reference_mismatches -whatsloaded RT Options -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul -mmini- mum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return MIPS Options -mabicalls -march=cpu-type -mtune=cpu=type -mcpu=cpu-type -membedded-data -muninit-const-in-rodata -membed- ded-pic -mfp32 -mfp64 -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mgas -mgp32 -mgp64 -mgpopt -mhalf-pic -mhard-float -mint64 -mips1 -mips2 -mips3 -mips4 -mlong64 -mlong32 -mlong-calls -mmemcpy -mmips-as -mmips-tfile -mno-abicalls -mno-embedded-data -mno-uninit-const-in-rodata -mno-embedded-pic -mno-gpopt -mno-long-calls -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mno-rnames -mno-stats -mrnames -msoft-float -m4650 -msingle-float -mmad -mstats -EL -EB -G num -nocpp -mabi=32 -mabi=n32 -mabi=64 -mabi=eabi -mfix7000 -mno-crt0 -mflush-func=func -mno-flush-func -mbranch-likely -mno-branch-likely i386 and x86-64 Options -mcpu=cpu-type -march=cpu-type -mfp- math=unit -masm=dialect -mno-fancy-math-387 -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -msoft-float -msvr3-shlib -mno-wide-multiply -mrtd -malign-dou- ble -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num -mmmx -msse -msse2 -msse3 -m3dnow -mthreads -mno-align-stringops -minline-all-stringops -mpush-args -maccumulate-outgoing-args -m128bit-long-double -m96bit-long-double -mregparm=num -momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-red-zone -mcmodel=code-model -m32 -m64 HPPA Options -march=architecture-type -mbig-switch -mdis- able-fpregs -mdisable-indexing -mfast-indirect-calls -mgas -mgnu-ld -mhp-ld -mjump-in-delay -mlinker-opt -mlong-calls -mlong-load-store -mno-big-switch -mno-disable-fpregs -mno-dis- able-indexing -mno-fast-indirect-calls -mno-gas -mno-jump-in-delay -mno-long-load-store -mno-portable-runtime -mno-soft-float -mno-space-regs -msoft-float -mpa-risc-1-0 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mpa-risc-2-0 -mportable-runtime -mschedule=cpu- type -mspace-regs -msio -mwsio -nolibdld -static -threads Intel 960 Options -mcpu-type -masm-compat -mclean-linkage -mcode-align -mcomplex-addr -mleaf-procedures -mic-compat -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat -mintel-asm -mno-clean-linkage -mno-code-align -mno-complex-addr -mno-leaf-procedures -mno-old-align -mno-strict-align -mno-tail-call -mnumerics -mold-align -msoft-float -mstrict-align -mtail-call DEC Alpha Options -mno-fp-regs -msoft-float -malpha-as -mgas -mieee -mieee-with-inexact -mieee-conformant -mfp-trap-mode=mode -mfp-rounding-mode=mode -mtrap-precision=mode -mbuild-constants -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mbwx -mmax -mfix -mcix -mfloat-vax -mfloat-ieee -mexplicit-relocs -msmall-data -mlarge-data -mmemory-latency=time DEC Alpha/VMS Options -mvms-return-codes H8/300 Options -mrelax -mh -ms -mn -mint32 -malign-300 SH Options -m1 -m2 -m3 -m3e -m4-nofpu -m4-single-only -m4-sin- gle -m4 -m5-64media -m5-64media-nofpu -m5-32media -m5-32media-nofpu -m5-compact -m5-compact-nofpu -mb -ml -mdalign -mrelax -mbigtable -mfmovd -mhitachi -mnomacsave -mieee -misize -mpadstruct -mspace -mprefergot -musermode System V Options -Qy -Qn -YP,paths -Ym,dir ARC Options -EB -EL -mmangle-cpu -mcpu=cpu -mtext=text-section -mdata=data-section -mrodata=readonly-data-section TMS320C3x/C4x Options -mcpu=cpu -mbig -msmall -mregparm -mmem- parm -mfast-fix -mmpyi -mbk -mti -mdp-isr-reload -mrpts=count -mrptb -mdb -mloop-unsigned -mparallel-insns -mparallel-mpy -mpreserve-float V850 Options -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mep -mno-ep -mpro- log-function -mno-prolog-function -mspace -mtda=n -msda=n -mzda=n -mapp-regs -mno-app-regs -mdisable-callt -mno-disable-callt -mv850e -mv850 -mbig-switch NS32K Options -m32032 -m32332 -m32532 -m32081 -m32381 -mmult-add -mnomult-add -msoft-float -mrtd -mnortd -mregparam -mnoregparam -msb -mnosb -mbitfield -mnobitfield -mhimem -mno- himem AVR Options -mmcu=mcu -msize -minit-stack=n -mno-interrupts -mcall-prologues -mno-tablejump -mtiny-stack MCore Options -mhardlit -mno-hardlit -mdiv -mno-div -mre- lax-immediates -mno-relax-immediates -mwide-bitfields -mno-wide-bitfields -m4byte-functions -mno-4byte-functions -mcallgraph-data -mno-callgraph-data -mslow-bytes -mno-slow-bytes -mno-lsim -mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -m210 -m340 -mstack-increment MMIX Options -mlibfuncs -mno-libfuncs -mepsilon -mno-epsilon -mabi=gnu -mabi=mmixware -mzero-extend -mknuthdiv -mto- plevel-symbols -melf -mbranch-predict -mno-branch-predict -mbase-addresses -mno-base-addresses -msingle-exit -mno-sin- gle-exit IA-64 Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mgnu-as -mgnu-ld -mno-pic -mvolatile-asm-stop -mb-step -mregister-names -mno-sdata -mconstant-gp -mauto-pic -min- line-float-divide-min-latency -minline-float-divide-max-throughput -minline-int-divide-min-latency -minline-int-divide-max-throughput -mno-dwarf2-asm -mfixed-range=register-range D30V Options -mextmem -mextmemory -monchip -mno-asm-optimize -masm-optimize -mbranch-cost=n -mcond-exec=n S/390 and zSeries Options -mhard-float -msoft-float -mbackchain -mno-backchain -msmall-exec -mno-small-exec -mmvcle -mno-mvcle -m64 -m31 -mdebug -mno-debug CRIS Options -mcpu=cpu -march=cpu -mtune=cpu -mmax-stack-frame=n -melinux-stacksize=n -metrax4 -metrax100 -mpdebug -mcc-init -mno-side-effects -mstack-align -mdata-align -mconst-align -m32-bit -m16-bit -m8-bit -mno-prologue-epilogue -mno-gotplt -melf -maout -melinux -mlinux -sim -sim2 -mmul-bug-workaround -mno-mul-bug-workaround PDP-11 Options -mfpu -msoft-float -mac0 -mno-ac0 -m40 -m45 -m10 -mbcopy -mbcopy-builtin -mint32 -mno-int16 -mint16 -mno-int32 -mfloat32 -mno-float64 -mfloat64 -mno-float32 -mab- shi -mno-abshi -mbranch-expensive -mbranch-cheap -msplit -mno-split -munix-asm -mdec-asm Xstormy16 Options -msim Xtensa Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mdensity -mno-den- sity -mmac16 -mno-mac16 -mmul16 -mno-mul16 -mmul32 -mno-mul32 -mnsa -mno-nsa -mminmax -mno-minmax -msext -mno-sext -mbooleans -mno-booleans -mhard-float -msoft-float -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mserialize-volatile -mno-serialize-volatile -mtext-section-literals -mno-text-section-literals -mtarget-align -mno-target-align -mlongcalls -mno-longcalls FRV Options -mgpr-32 -mgpr-64 -mfpr-32 -mfpr-64 -mhard-float -msoft-float -malloc-cc -mfixed-cc -mdword -mno-dword -mdouble -mno-double -mmedia -mno-media -mmuladd -mno-muladd -mli- brary-pic -macc-4 -macc-8 -mpack -mno-pack -mno-eflags -mcond-move -mno-cond-move -mscc -mno-scc -mcond-exec -mno-cond-exec -mvliw-branch -mno-vliw-branch -mmulti-cond-exec -mno-multi-cond-exec -mnested-cond-exec -mno-nested-cond-exec -mtomcat-stats -mcpu=cpu Code Generation Options -fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg -fexceptions -fnon-call-exceptions -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -finhibit-size-directive -finstrument-functions -fno-common -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC -freg-struct-return -fshared-data -fshort-enums -fshort-double -fshort-wchar -fvolatile -fvolatile-global -fvolatile-static -fverbose-asm -fpack-struct -fstack-check -fstack-limit-regis- ter=reg -fstack-limit-symbol=sym -fargument-alias -fargu- ment-noalias -fargument-noalias-global -fleading-underscore -ftls-model=model -ftrapv -fbounds-check Options Controlling the Kind of Output Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. The first three stages apply to an individual source file, and end by producing an object file; linking combines all the object files (those newly com- piled, and those specified as input) into an executable file. For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of compilation is done: file.c C source code which must be preprocessed. file.i C source code which should not be preprocessed. file.ii C++ source code which should not be preprocessed. file.m Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the library libobjc.a to make an Objective-C program work. file.mi Objective-C source code which should not be preprocessed. file.h C header file (not to be compiled or linked). file.cc file.cp file.cxx file.cpp file.c++ file.C C++ source code which must be preprocessed. Note that in .cxx, the last two letters must both be literally x. Likewise, .C refers to a literal capital C. file.f file.for file.FOR Fortran source code which should not be preprocessed. file.F file.fpp file.FPP Fortran source code which must be preprocessed (with the tradi- tional preprocessor). file.r Fortran source code which must be preprocessed with a RATFOR pre- processor (not included with GCC). file.ads Ada source code file which contains a library unit declaration (a declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package, generic, or subprogram renaming declaration). Such files are also called specs. file.adb Ada source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram or package body). Such files are also called bodies. file.s Assembler code. file.S Assembler code which must be preprocessed. other An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with no recognized suffix is treated this way. You can specify the input language explicitly with the -x option: -x language Specify explicitly the language for the following input files (rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the file name suffix). This option applies to all following input files until the next -x option. Possible values for language are: c c-header cpp-output c++ c++-cpp-output objective-c objc-cpp-output assembler assembler-with-cpp ada f77 f77-cpp-input ratfor java treelang -x none Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if -x has not been used at all). -pass-exit-codes Normally the gcc program will exit with the code of 1 if any phase of the compiler returns a non-success return code. If you specify -pass-exit-codes, the gcc program will instead return with numeri- cally highest error produced by any phase that returned an error indication. If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use -x (or filename suffixes) to tell gcc where to start, and one of the options -c, -S, or -E to say where gcc is to stop. Note that some combinations (for example, -x cpp-output -E) instruct gcc to do nothing at all. -c Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an object file for each source file. By default, the object file name for a source file is made by replacing the suffix .c, .i, .s, etc., with .o. Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly, are ignored. -S Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The output is in the form of an assembler code file for each non-assem- bler input file specified. By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by replacing the suffix .c, .i, etc., with .s. Input files that don't require compilation are ignored. -E Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler proper. The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, which is sent to the standard output. Input files which don't require preprocessing are ignored. -o file Place output in file file. This applies regardless to whatever sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file, an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code. Since only one output file can be specified, it does not make sense to use -o when compiling more than one input file, unless you are producing an executable file as output. If -o is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in a.out, the object file for source.suffix in source.o, its assembler file in source.s, and all preprocessed C source on standard output. -v Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the com- piler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler proper. -### Like -v except the commands are not executed and all command argu- ments are quoted. This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver-generated command lines. -pipe Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU assembler has no trouble. --help Print (on the standard output) a description of the command line options understood by gcc. If the -v option is also specified then --help will also be passed on to the various processes invoked by gcc, so that they can display the command line options they accept. If the -W option is also specified then command line options which have no documentation associated with them will also be displayed. --target-help Print (on the standard output) a description of target specific command line options for each tool. --version Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC. Compiling C++ Programs C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes .C, .cc, .cpp, .c++, .cp, or .cxx; preprocessed C++ files use the suffix .ii. GCC recognizes files with these names and compiles them as C++ programs even if you call the compiler the same way as for compiling C programs (usually with the name gcc). However, C++ programs often require class libraries as well as a com- piler that understands the C++ language---and under some circumstances, you might want to compile programs from standard input, or otherwise without a suffix that flags them as C++ programs. g++ is a program that calls GCC with the default language set to C++, and automatically specifies linking against the C++ library. On many systems, g++ is also installed with the name c++. When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same com- mand-line options that you use for compiling programs in any language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs. Options Controlling C Dialect The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived from C, such as C++ and Objective-C) that the compiler accepts: -ansi In C mode, support all ISO C90 programs. In C++ mode, remove GNU extensions that conflict with ISO C++. This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling C++ code), such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, and predefined macros such as "unix" and "vax" that identify the type of system you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO trigraph feature. For the C compiler, it disables recognition of C++ style // comments as well as the "inline" keyword. The alternate keywords "__asm__", "__extension__", "__inline__" and "__typeof__" continue to work despite -ansi. You would not want to use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put them in header files that might be included in compilations done with -ansi. Alternate predefined macros such as "__unix__" and "__vax__" are also available, with or without -ansi. The -ansi option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected gratuitously. For that, -pedantic is required in addition to -ansi. The macro "__STRICT_ANSI__" is predefined when the -ansi option is used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any programs that might use these names for other things. Functions which would normally be built in but do not have seman- tics defined by ISO C (such as "alloca" and "ffs") are not built-in functions with -ansi is used. -std= Determine the language standard. This option is currently only supported when compiling C or C++. A value for this option must be provided; possible values are c89 iso9899:1990 ISO C90 (same as -ansi). iso9899:199409 ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1. c99 c9x iso9899:1999 iso9899:199x ISO C99. Note that this standard is not yet fully supported; see <http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-3.3/c99status.html> for more infor- mation. The names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated. gnu89 Default, ISO C90 plus GNU extensions (including some C99 fea- tures). gnu99 gnu9x ISO C99 plus GNU extensions. When ISO C99 is fully implemented in GCC, this will become the default. The name gnu9x is depre- cated. c++98 The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. gnu++98 The same as -std=c++98 plus GNU extensions. This is the default for C++ code. Even when this option is not specified, you can still use some of the features of newer standards in so far as they do not conflict with previous C standards. For example, you may use "__restrict__" even when -std=c99 is not specified. The -std options specifying some version of ISO C have the same effects as -ansi, except that features that were not in ISO C90 but are in the specified version (for example, // comments and the "inline" keyword in ISO C99) are not disabled. -aux-info filename Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all func- tions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including those in header files. This option is silently ignored in any lan- guage other than C. Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped (I, N for new or O for old, respectively, in the first character after the line number and the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a definition (C or F, respectively, in the following character). In the case of function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments followed by their declarations is also provided, inside comments, after the declaration. -fno-asm Do not recognize "asm", "inline" or "typeof" as a keyword, so that code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords "__asm__", "__inline__" and "__typeof__" instead. -ansi implies -fno-asm. In C++, this switch only affects the "typeof" keyword, since "asm" and "inline" are standard keywords. You may want to use the -fno-gnu-keywords flag instead, which has the same effect. In C99 mode (-std=c99 or -std=gnu99), this switch only affects the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, since "inline" is a standard keyword in ISO C99. -fno-builtin -fno-builtin-function Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with __builtin_ as prefix. GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to "alloca" may become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and calls to "memcpy" may become inline copy loops. The resulting code is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls, nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a different library. With the -fno-builtin-function option only the built-in function function is disabled. function must not begin with __builtin_. If a function is named this is not built-in in this version of GCC, this option is ignored. There is no corresponding -fbuiltin-func- tion option; if you wish to enable built-in functions selectively when using -fno-builtin or -ffreestanding, you may define macros such as: #define abs(n) __builtin_abs ((n)) #define strcpy(d, s) __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s)) -fhosted Assert that compilation takes place in a hosted environment. This implies -fbuiltin. A hosted environment is one in which the entire standard library is available, and in which "main" has a return type of "int". Examples are nearly everything except a kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding. -ffreestanding Assert that compilation takes place in a freestanding environment. This implies -fno-builtin. A freestanding environment is one in which the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not necessarily be at "main". The most obvious example is an OS kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-hosted. -fms-extensions Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files. -trigraphs Support ISO C trigraphs. The -ansi option (and -std options for strict ISO C conformance) implies -trigraphs. -no-integrated-cpp Performs a compilation in two passes: preprocessing and compiling. This option allows a user supplied "cc1", "cc1plus", or "cc1obj" via the -B option. The user supplied compilation step can then add in an additional preprocessing step after normal preprocessing but before compiling. The default is to use the integrated cpp (inter- nal cpp) The semantics of this option will change if "cc1", "cc1plus", and "cc1obj" are merged. -traditional -traditional-cpp Formerly, these options caused GCC to attempt to emulate a pre- standard C compiler. They are now only supported with the -E switch. The preprocessor continues to support a pre-standard mode. See the GNU CPP manual for details. -fcond-mismatch Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void. This option is not supported for C++. -funsigned-char Let the type "char" be unsigned, like "unsigned char". Each kind of machine has a default for what "char" should be. It is either like "unsigned char" by default or like "signed char" by default. Ideally, a portable program should always use "signed char" or "unsigned char" when it depends on the signedness of an object. But many programs have been written to use plain "char" and expect it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let you make such a program work with the opposite default. The type "char" is always a distinct type from each of "signed char" or "unsigned char", even though its behavior is always just like one of those two. -fsigned-char Let the type "char" be signed, like "signed char". Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the negative form of -funsigned-char. Likewise, the option -fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char. -fsigned-bitfields -funsigned-bitfields -fno-signed-bitfields -fno-unsigned-bitfields These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned, when the declaration does not use either "signed" or "unsigned". By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent: the basic integer types such as "int" are signed types. -fwritable-strings Store string constants in the writable data segment and don't uniquize them. This is for compatibility with old programs which assume they can write into string constants. Writing into string constants is a very bad idea; ``constants'' should be constant. Options Controlling C++ Dialect This section describes the command-line options that are only meaning- ful for C++ programs; but you can also use most of the GNU compiler options regardless of what language your program is in. For example, you might compile a file "firstClass.C" like this: g++ -g -frepo -O -c firstClass.C In this example, only -frepo is an option meant only for C++ programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by GCC. Here is a list of options that are only for compiling C++ programs: -fabi-version=n Use version n of the C++ ABI. Version 1 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++ 3.2. Version 0 will always be the version that conforms most closely to the C++ ABI specification. Therefore, the ABI obtained using version 0 will change as ABI bugs are fixed. The default is version 1. -fno-access-control Turn off all access checking. This switch is mainly useful for working around bugs in the access control code. -fcheck-new Check that the pointer returned by "operator new" is non-null before attempting to modify the storage allocated. This check is normally unnecessary because the C++ standard specifies that "oper- ator new" will only return 0 if it is declared throw(), in which case the compiler will always check the return value even without this option. In all other cases, when "operator new" has a non- empty exception specification, memory exhaustion is signalled by throwing "std::bad_alloc". See also new (nothrow). -fconserve-space Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the common segment, as C does. This saves space in the executable at the cost of not diagnosing duplicate definitions. If you compile with this flag and your program mysteriously crashes after "main()" has completed, you may have an object that is being destroyed twice because two definitions were merged. This option is no longer useful on most targets, now that support has been added for putting variables into BSS without making them common. -fno-const-strings Give string constants type "char *" instead of type "const char *". By default, G++ uses type "const char *" as required by the stan- dard. Even if you use -fno-const-strings, you cannot actually mod- ify the value of a string constant, unless you also use -fwritable-strings. This option might be removed in a future release of G++. For maxi- mum portability, you should structure your code so that it works with string constants that have type "const char *". -fdollars-in-identifiers Accept $ in identifiers. You can also explicitly prohibit use of $ with the option -fno-dollars-in-identifiers. (GNU C allows $ by default on most target systems, but there are a few exceptions.) Traditional C allowed the character $ to form part of identifiers. However, ISO C and C++ forbid $ in identifiers. -fno-elide-constructors The C++ standard allows an implementation to omit creating a tempo- rary which is only used to initialize another object of the same type. Specifying this option disables that optimization, and forces G++ to call the copy constructor in all cases. -fno-enforce-eh-specs Don't check for violation of exception specifications at runtime. This option violates the C++ standard, but may be useful for reduc- ing code size in production builds, much like defining NDEBUG. The compiler will still optimize based on the exception specifications. -fexternal-templates Cause #pragma interface and implementation to apply to template instantiation; template instances are emitted or not according to the location of the template definition. This option is deprecated. -falt-external-templates Similar to -fexternal-templates, but template instances are emitted or not according to the place where they are first instantiated. This option is deprecated. -ffor-scope -fno-for-scope If -ffor-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement is limited to the for loop itself, as specified by the C++ standard. If -fno-for-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement extends to the end of the enclosing scope, as was the case in old versions of G++, and other (traditional) implementations of C++. The default if neither flag is given to follow the standard, but to allow and give a warning for old-style code that would otherwise be invalid, or have different behavior. -fno-gnu-keywords Do not recognize "typeof" as a keyword, so that code can use this word as an identifier. You can use the keyword "__typeof__" instead. -ansi implies -fno-gnu-keywords. -fno-implicit-templates Never emit code for non-inline templates which are instantiated implicitly (i.e. by use); only emit code for explicit instantia- tions. -fno-implicit-inline-templates Don't emit code for implicit instantiations of inline templates, either. The default is to handle inlines differently so that com- piles with and without optimization will need the same set of explicit instantiations. -fno-implement-inlines To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions controlled by #pragma implementation. This will cause linker errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are called. -fms-extensions Disable pedantic warnings about constructs used in MFC, such as implicit int and getting a pointer to member function via non-stan- dard syntax. -fno-nonansi-builtins Disable built-in declarations of functions that are not mandated by ANSI/ISO C. These include "ffs", "alloca", "_exit", "index", "bzero", "conjf", and other related functions. -fno-operator-names Do not treat the operator name keywords "and", "bitand", "bitor", "compl", "not", "or" and "xor" as synonyms as keywords. -fno-optional-diags Disable diagnostics that the standard says a compiler does not need to issue. Currently, the only such diagnostic issued by G++ is the one for a name having multiple meanings within a class. -fpermissive Downgrade some diagnostics about nonconformant code from errors to warnings. Thus, using -fpermissive will allow some nonconforming code to compile. -frepo Enable automatic template instantiation at link time. This option also implies -fno-implicit-templates. -fno-rtti Disable generation of information about every class with virtual functions for use by the C++ runtime type identification features (dynamic_cast and typeid). If you don't use those parts of the language, you can save some space by using this flag. Note that exception handling uses the same information, but it will generate it as needed. -fstats Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the compi- lation. This information is generally only useful to the G++ development team. -ftemplate-depth-n Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to n. A limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect end- less recursions during template class instantiation. ANSI/ISO C++ conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater than 17. -fuse-cxa-atexit Register destructors for objects with static storage duration with the "__cxa_atexit" function rather than the "atexit" function. This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of static destructors, but will only work if your C library supports "__cxa_atexit". -fvtable-gc Emit special relocations for vtables and virtual function refer- ences so that the linker can identify unused virtual functions and zero out vtable slots that refer to them. This is most useful with -ffunction-sections and -Wl,--gc-sections, in order to also discard the functions themselves. This optimization requires GNU as and GNU ld. Not all systems sup- port this option. -Wl,--gc-sections is ignored without -static. -fno-weak Do not use weak symbol support, even if it is provided by the linker. By default, G++ will use weak symbols if they are avail- able. This option exists only for testing, and should not be used by end-users; it will result in inferior code and has no benefits. This option may be removed in a future release of G++. -nostdinc++ Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific to C++, but do still search the other standard directories. (This option is used when building the C++ library.) In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options have meanings only for C++ programs: -fno-default-inline Do not assume inline for functions defined inside a class scope. Note that these functions will have linkage like inline func- tions; they just won't be inlined by default. -Wabi (C++ only) Warn when G++ generates code that is probably not compatible with the vendor-neutral C++ ABI. Although an effort has been made to warn about all such cases, there are probably some cases that are not warned about, even though G++ is generating incompatible code. There may also be cases where warnings are emitted even though the code that is generated will be compatible. You should rewrite your code to avoid these warnings if you are concerned about the fact that code generated by G++ may not be binary compatible with code generated by other compilers. The known incompatibilities at this point include: * Incorrect handling of tail-padding for bit-fields. G++ may attempt to pack data into the same byte as a base class. For example: struct A { virtual void f(); int f1 : 1; }; struct B : public A { int f2 : 1; }; In this case, G++ will place "B::f2" into the same byte as"A::f1"; other compilers will not. You can avoid this prob- lem by explicitly padding "A" so that its size is a multiple of the byte size on your platform; that will cause G++ and other compilers to layout "B" identically. * Incorrect handling of tail-padding for virtual bases. G++ does not use tail padding when laying out virtual bases. For exam- ple: struct A { virtual void f(); char c1; }; struct B { B(); char c2; }; struct C : public A, public virtual B {}; In this case, G++ will not place "B" into the tail-padding for "A"; other compilers will. You can avoid this problem by explicitly padding "A" so that its size is a multiple of its alignment (ignoring virtual base classes); that will cause G++ and other compilers to layout "C" identically. * Incorrect handling of bit-fields with declared widths greater than that of their underlying types, when the bit-fields appear in a union. For example: union U { int i : 4096; }; Assuming that an "int" does not have 4096 bits, G++ will make the union too small by the number of bits in an "int". * Empty classes can be placed at incorrect offsets. For example: struct A {}; struct B { A a; virtual void f (); }; struct C : public B, public A {}; G++ will place the "A" base class of "C" at a nonzero offset; it should be placed at offset zero. G++ mistakenly believes that the "A" data member of "B" is already at offset zero. * Names of template functions whose types involve "typename" or template template parameters can be mangled incorrectly. template void f(typename Q::X) {} template